六西格玛 DMAIC 流程 - 控制阶段 - 控制图选择
选择控制图时，请牢记以下要点：计量数据：对于单个数值观测值，在适当情况下使用单值–移动极差（I-MR）图。对于合理子组，Xbar 图跟踪子组均值，R（极差）图或 S（标准差）图跟踪子组内的离散程度。图中对子组大小 2–8 使用 Xbar-R，对 9 或以上使用 Xbar-S；这是选择指南，并非普遍适用的分界线。
属性数据：首先区分不合格（有缺陷）单位与不符合项（缺陷）。对于单位，子组大小固定时，np 图显示不合格单位数；p 图显示不合格比例，也可适应不同的子组大小。对于缺陷，c 图显示相同检验机会下的缺陷数；u 图显示单位缺陷数，并可适应不同的检验暴露量。子组大小或暴露量固定时，也可以使用 p 图或 u 图。应检查抽样和分布假设是否适合该流程。
六西格玛控制图选择指南
| Situation | Example | Statistical Test |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous data, one figure at a time | For example: A team is tracking the length of time, measured in days, it takes to process claims. They are randomly selecting one completed claim each day and plotting the time it took to complete that one claim. | Individuals and Moving Range I & MR Chart |
| Continuous data, averages with small sub-group sizes | For example: A team is tracking cycle time, measured in days, for claims processing. They are randomly selecting five completed claims each day and plotting the average cycle time. | Average and Range X bar & R Chart |
| Continuous data, averages with large sub-group sizes | For example: A process owner is monitoring call length, measured in minutes and seconds. Each day, the average length for all calls received is plotted. The call center receives over 100 calls per day. | Average and Standard Deviation X bar & S Chart |
六西格玛控制图选择 – 连续型 Y
| Situation | Example | Statistical Test |
|---|---|---|
| Discrete data, measuring defects with a constant sample size | For example: A team is tracking the number of incomplete fields on applications. Each day, they pull a random sample of fifty applications and review them for completeness. They plot the total number of fields that are incomplete. | Number of Defects (c Chart) |
| Discrete data, measuring defects with a variable sample size | For example: Another process owner is tracking the number of fields that are incomplete in applications. Each day her team reviews all incoming applications for completeness and plots the number of incomplete fields per number of applications. | Number of Defects per Unit (u Chart) |
| Discrete data, measuring defective units with a constant sample size | For example: A team is tracking the number of applications that come in with incomplete information. Each day, they pull a random sample of fifty applications and review them for completeness. They plot the number that are incomplete. | Number Defective (np Chart) |
| Discrete data, measuring defective units with a variable sample size | For example: A team is tracking the number of applications that come in with incomplete information. Each day, they review all applications for completeness and plot the percent that are incomplete. | Fraction Defective (p Chart) |
六西格玛控制图选择 – 离散型 Y
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